ARTERIOVENOUS CROSSING CHANGES IN HYPERTENSION

AV nicking (GUNN SIGN): hourglass constrictions of vein on both sides of the crossing and aneurysmal-like swellings.

BONNET'S SIGN-
banking of vein where it appears dilated distal to crossing

SALUS SIGN-

Sclerosis may shorten or elongate retinal arterioles with the branches coming off at right angles. This change in length deflects the veins at the common sheath and changes the course of the vein

Right angled deflection of vein which gives the vein a S shaped bend